History of Ship Figureheads

Ancient Origins

Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans adorned ships with carved symbols or eyes painted on the prow (called oculi). These were meant to ward off evil spirits, guide the ship, or represent gods and protection. Phoenician ships often had horse heads on the bow to symbolize speed.

Medieval and Early Modern Europe

During the Middle Ages, ship decoration declined due to the dominance of utilitarian warships and Christian influence, which discouraged idol-like art. By the 16th century, with the rise of the galleon, figureheads reemerged in Europe—large and ornate, often depicting lions, dragons, or mythological figures.

The Golden Age (17th–18th Centuries)

This was the peak of figurehead use, particularly among naval and merchant ships. Figureheads became larger and more elaborate, typically representing royalty (e.g., King George), mythological figures (e.g., Neptune), and symbolic animals (e.g., lions for strength). Naval ships used them as symbols of pride and national identity.

19th Century Decline

As ship design evolved—especially with the advent of steam power and iron hulls—figureheads became smaller or disappeared. Shipbuilders prioritized efficiency and speed, and figureheads were seen as unnecessary. The last major figureheads were on clipper ships like the Cutty Sark.

Symbolism and Superstition

Sailors often believed figureheads had magical or spiritual powers. A female figurehead with bare breasts was thought to calm storms. Eyes on the figurehead were believed to help the ship “see” its path. Figureheads also served as a means of ship identification, especially before widespread literacy.

Modern Legacy

Today, figureheads are preserved in museums like the Cutty Sark in Greenwich or The Box in Plymouth. They are valued as pieces of folk art and maritime heritage. Modern ships rarely use figureheads, but some cruise ships and yachts include symbolic designs as a nod to tradition.